Rārangi Taiwhanga: Te Kōwhiringa Rino Koranu me te Maimoatanga Wera mō ngā Āpiti Pākete Tau-Kakahu

A Pūrere niho pākete KomatsuKo te hononga hanganga tēnei i waenganui i te taha o te peere o te keri me te pito niho ka taea te whakakapi. Ka mimiti i te kaha keri katoa — ka taea e te keri PC200 te eke ki te 140 kN i te pito niho o te peere — ka tukuna mai i te niho mā te urutau ki roto i te ngutu o te peere. Mena ka pakaru, ka angiangi rānei te urutau i te kōhao o te pine, ka ngaro te pito niho, ā, me mutu te keri a te kaiwhakahaere, me tiki te niho, me whakakapi te urutau — he mahi 25-meneti te roa, $2–3 ia meneti te utu mō te kore mahi a te mīhini.

I roto i tā mātou whare hanga whakarewa i JM China, ka whakarewahia e mātou ngā urutau Komatsu mai i te maitai martensitic iti-koranu — te nuinga he 30CrMnSi, 35CrMo rānei te taumata — nā te mea ka tutuki i ēnei koranu te pakeke e hiahiatia ana o te HRC 45–52 i muri i te tinei hinu me te whakamahana, me te pupuri tonu i te pakari pānga mō te utaina huringa o te mahi keri. Ka whakamahia e te tukanga maka he tauira pahuka ngaro me te pokepokea onepu silica. I muri i te maka, ka whakamahanahia ia urutau ki te wairewa i te 920°C mō ngā haora e 2, ka tinei hinu ki te pāmahana rūma, kātahi ka whakamahanahia ki te 250°C mō ngā haora e 3 kia tutuki ai te pakeke e hiahiatia ana. He mea nui te taahiraa whakamahana: pekehia, ā, ka pakarukaru te urutau i te HRC 58–60, ka ngawari ki te pakaru i te pānga tuatahi o te toka. Ki te nui rawa te whakamahana i te 350°C, ka heke te pakeke ki te HRC 38–42, ka whakaitihia te roa o te kakahu mā te 40%.

Kei te pupuri mātou i te whakatakotoranga pakeke o te HRC 48 ± 3 mō ngā urutau Komatsu paerewa me te HRC 52 ± 2 mō te putanga taumaha kua tohua e ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakahoro. Ka manatokohia te pakeke mā ngā inenga Rockwell C e toru-ira mō ia urutau: tētahi i te pito o te ihu (te wāhi e pupuri ana i te niho), tētahi i te tumuaki pine (te wāhi e mau ana te pine pupuri), me tētahi i te turanga whakairi (te wāhi e whakapirihia ana ki te ngutu o te peere, e purua ana rānei). Me noho te pakeke o te pito o te ihu ki roto i ngā pito HRC e 2 o te tumuaki pine — ki te kore, ka tere ake te wetewete o te niho nā te rerekētanga o te kakahu i waenga i ngā mata e rua. Mena he ngohengohe te pito o te ihu (HRC 42) i te mea he pakeke te tumuaki pine (HRC 50), ka tere ake te kakahu o te pito o te ihu 30%, ā, ka whanake te purei taha o te niho i muri i te 120 hāora. Kāore e taea e te kaiwhakahaere te rongo i tēnei purei i roto i te kāpata — engari kei te kawe te pine pupuri i tētahi kawenga taha kāore i hangaia mōna, ā, ka tūpono pea te kutikuti pine wawe.

I te marama o Hānuere 2025, i whakamatauria e mātou te 50 o ngā urutau mai i tētahi puranga whakarewa hou, me te 50 mai i tā mātou hanga o nāianei. Ko te puranga hou — i whakarewaina mai i te wera rerekē paku o te 35CrMo — i whakaatu i te horapa pakeke o te ihu-ki-te-pine o te 3.8 ngā tohu HRC i te toharite, ki te whakaritea ki te 1.6 mō te puranga o nāianei. Ko te pūtake ko te pāmahana hinu tinei 15°C teitei ake i te rā tuatahi o te hanga o te puranga hou, i whakaiti i te kaha o te tinei i te pito ihu wāhanga-angiangi engari kāore i te tumuaki pine matotoru. I whakahokia e mātou te hinu tinei ki te 45°C, ā, i whakamanahia kua hoki te horapa pakeke ki te toharite 1.6-ira puta noa i ngā rā hanga e whā e whai ake nei. Ko ngā urutau 50 mai i te puranga rerekē i whakahekehia ki te "utu paerewa" ā, i hokona i te utu whakaheke mō ngā tono iti ake te uaua.

Te Pūkete Whakaputa: Te Maka, Te Maimoatanga Wera, me te Manatoko Ahu o ngā Āpitihanga Komatsu K-Series

Ko te kōtaha pine Komatsu K-series — e whakamahia ana i ngā tauira keri PC30 ki te PC800 — e tohu ana i tētahi poka pine whaiti me te koki 2° kei roto i ngā poka o runga me raro, he diameter pine motuhake (12 mm mō PC50 tae atu ki te 30 mm mō PC650), me te tawhiti mai i waenganui o te pine ki te pito o te ihu e rerekē ana i runga i te rahi o te urutau. Ko te rerekētanga neke atu i te 0.3 mm i te tūranga poka pine ko te tikanga kāore e taea te whakauru i te pine pupuri mā roto i te niho me ngā poka urutau — ā, he para te urutau katoa. Ka tutukihia tēnei tika ā-ahu mā te whakakotahitanga o te miihini CNC i muri i te whakarewa me tētahi taputapu motuhake e tohutoro ana ki te papa turanga whakairinga o te urutau.

Ka mīhinihia e mātou ia urutau i roto i te whakatakotoranga kotahi i runga i te pokapū mīhini poutū tuaka-whā. Ko te raupapa mahi ko: (1) anga atu ki te turanga whakairinga — e tohutoro ana ki ngā pūwāhi tauwāhi whakarewa mai i te tauira pahuka ngaro; (2) kerihia me te reime i te poka o te pine ki te ātete H8 (hei tauira, 20.0 +0.033/0.000 mm mō te urutau PC200); (3) mirahia te awa pupuri niho i te pito ihu; me te (4) kerihia he poka whakawhiti mā roto i te tumuaki pine mō te topenga pupuri. I muri i te mīhini, ka tirotirohia ia urutau i runga i te mīhini ine taunga (CMM) me te taumira 0.005 mm. Ko ngā inenga matua — te whānui o te poka o te pine, te tawhiti mai i waenganui o te poka o te pine ki te mata whakairinga, me te whānui o te pito ihu — ka inehia, ka tuhia ki roto i te pūrongo puranga e haere tahi ana me ia tuku ki ngā kaituku Hapanihi.

I te tau 2024, i hangaia e mātou he 38,000 ngā urutau hototahi-Komatsu puta noa i ngā momo rahi e 20. Ko te reiti whakakorenga ā-ahu he 1.1%, ko te tikanga he 418 ngā urutau i rahua i te tirotiro CMM, ā, i whakakorea, i mahi anō rānei. Ko te rahunga tino noa — 62% o ngā whakakorenga katoa — ko te tūranga pūwero titi: ko te tawhiti pokapū-ki-te-mata-whakamaunga i waho o te matapihi manawanui ±0.3 mm. I whai mātou i tēnei ki te rerekētanga whānui wera i roto i ngā maka mata: ko ngā maka i whakamatao puhoi i roto i te pokepokea ai (nā te nui ake o te makuku onepu) i whakaatu i te 0.15–0.2 mm te whakahekenga tāpiri i te pito o te ihu, ka nekehia te tūranga pūwero titi e pā ana ki te papa tohutoro. Ko te otinga o te whare hanga ko te whakatinana i te whakamatao pokepokea ai whakahaeretia o te 180 ± 10 meneti i mua i te ruirui — i mua, ko te wā whakamatao i runga i te whakaaro o te kaiwhakahaere, ā, mai i te 120 ki te 240 meneti. I muri i te whakatinanatanga o te whakamatao whakahaeretia, i heke te reiti whakakorenga tūranga pūwero titi mai i te 0.68% ki te 0.19%.

Mō ngā kaituku Hapanihi — e pupuri ana i tētahi taonga haumaru o te 200–500 ngā urutau mō ia rahi — mā te pūnaha whai i ngā puranga e tukuna ana e mātou ka taea e rātou te tautuhi i tētahi urutau takitahi mā tōna tau puranga me te tiki i te rekoata whakarewa, te tūtohi maimoatanga wera, me te pūrongo ine CMM. Kei te piki haere te mana o tēnei whai i ngā pūnaha whakahaere kounga o ngā kamupene hanga Hapanihi, e hiahia ana kia tukuna ngā wāhanga kakahu katoa kiTe Rōpū Taputapu Hanga o HapaniKei ngā kamupene mema ngā tuhinga katoa mō te whakapapa hanga.

Raraunga Mara: Te Mahi a te Pūnaha Pupuri Pine i raro i te Utaina Hurihuri

Ko te pūnaha pupuri pine — he topenga pupuri maitai puna, he topenga pupuri polyurethane rānei e mau ana i te pine pupuri ki tōna tūranga — te wāhanga iti rawa o te huihuinga urutau engari ko te pūtake tino noa o te rahunga o te mara. Ina whati, ina ngaro rānei te kaha o te topenga pupuri, ka wetekina te pine pupuri i raro i te wiri o te keri, ā, ka taka te pito niho i te urutau i roto i ngā huringa mahi 10–20. Ko te pito niho i ngaro i tētahi wāhi whakahoro i waenganui o Tōkyō — i reira te keri PC350 e wawahi ana i ngā papa raima whakapakari — ko te tikanga me mutu te mīhini, me heke iho te kaiwhakahaere, me kimi te niho i roto i te puranga paru (ka roa pea mō te 10 meneti i runga i tētahi wāhi kapi), me tiki, ā, me tāuta anō me tētahi topenga pupuri hou. Mō te utu mīhini o te $80 mō ia hāora whakahaere me te 30 meneti te mutu kore i whakaritea, ko ia ngaromanga niho he $40 te utu mō te wā mangere o te mīhini — me te utu mahi a te kaiwhakahaere me te kaiwhakahaere haumaru o te wāhi.

I whakamātauhia e mātou ētahi rauemi topenga pupuri e toru i runga i tētahi mīhini uta hurihuri i tō mātou whare i Zhengzhou i te tau 2024: (1) te maitai puna 65Mn, i whakamahanatia ki te HRC 44–48; (2) te maitai puna 60Si2Mn, i whakamahanatia ki te HRC 46–50; me (3) te pakeke o te polyurethane 95A Shore. I hurihia e te whakamātautau ia topenga ki roto i te 50,000 huringa whakauru-tango i te auau o te 0.5 Hz — e whakatauira ana i te take kino rawa atu o te whakawhiti niho katoa mō ia nekehanga i roto i te wā e 2 tau. I whakaatuhia e ngā topenga 65Mn te hekenga o te kaha o te topenga o te 22% i muri i te 50,000 huringa — mai i te kaha pupuri tuatahi 280 N ki te 218 N. I whakaatuhia e ngā topenga 60Si2Mn te hekenga o te 15% — mai i te 300 N ki te 255 N. I whakaatuhia e ngā topenga polyurethane te hekenga o te 35% — mai i te 200 N ki te 130 N — ā, e toru o ngā topenga polyurethane 20 i pakaru i te pūwāhi pa o te topenga-ki-te-pine i waenga i te 30,000 me te 38,000 huringa.

I runga i ēnei hua, ka whakamahia e mātou ngā topenga maitai puna 60Si2Mn hei paerewa mō ngā rahi urutau Komatsu katoa i runga ake i te PC200, ā, ka tukuna atu ngā topenga 65Mn mō ngā rahi PC70 me PC130 iti ake i te wā e ranea tonu ana te kukū topenga iti mō te kawenga niho mōrahi 20 kN. Kei te wātea tonu ngā topenga polyurethane mō ngā tono kore-tino nui pērā i ngā niho peere tirotiro engari kāore i te tūtohutia mō te whakahoro, te keri toka rānei. Kei roto i a mātou he puranga topenga pupuri tāpiri tekau me ia papa o te 50 urutau ka tukuna ki ngā kaituku Hapanihi — he mahi kua tino manakohia nā te mea ko ngā topenga te wāhanga iti e ngaro pinepine ana i ngā mahi tiaki mara.

Hua Whakamātautau: Whakataurite i te Ātete ki te Waro i waenga i ngā Tohu Pakari

I whakahaerehia e mātou he whakamātautau ātete ātete e whakataurite ana i te maitai urutau i ngā taumata pakeke e whā: HRC 38, HRC 45, HRC 50, me te HRC 55. Ko ia tauira he pereti 50 mm × 50 mm × 12 mm i tapahia mai i tētahi urutau whakaputa i te wāhanga pito ihu. I whakamahia e te whakamātautau he taputapu wira rapa-onepu maroke e ai ki te ASTM G65 — tikanga D, kawenga 5 kg, 1,000 hurihanga — ā, i inehia te ngaronga rōrahi i roto i ngā mirimita pūtoru.

Ngā hua: I ngaro te HRC 38 i te 85 mm³. I ngaro te HRC 45 i te 62 mm³ — he whakapainga 27% i te tauira ngohengohe rawa. I ngaro te HRC 50 i te 48 mm³ — he whakapainga 23% i te HRC 45 me te 44% i te mea ngohengohe rawa. I ngaro te HRC 55 i te 41 mm³ — he whakapainga 15% i te HRC 50 engari he 7 mm³ noa iho te whakapainga tino pai. E kitea ana te ture o te whakahekenga hokinga mai: he iti noa te pikinga ātete kakahu mai i te HRC 50 ki te HRC 55, engari he nui te ngaronga pakari pānga. I whakaatuhia e te whakamātautau Charpy V-notch i runga i ngā tauira kotahi kua heke te kaha pānga mai i te 24 J i te HRC 50 ki te 14 J i te HRC 55 — he whakahekenga 42%. I roto i te tono whakahoro i reira me tu atu te urutau ki ngā pānga toka tika, ko te mōrearea pakaru nui ake i te HRC 55 he nui ake i te pikinga roa o te kakahu 15%.

Mā ēnei raraunga whakamātautau ka ārahi ā mātou taunakitanga hua. Mō te tango whenua i ngā oneone onepu, oneone paru rānei — ko te wā e tino pāngia ai te kiri — ka tūtohu mātou i te HRC 50–52 mō te roa o te wā e pāngia ai, me te kore e pakarukaru. Mō te whakahoro, te keri toka rānei — ina nui te taumahatanga pānga — ka tūtohu mātou i te HRC 46–48 kia mau tonu ai te pakari o te pānga, me te whakatutuki tonu i te ātete ki te kiri. Kua whakapūmautia e ngā kaimahi whakahoro mākete Hapanihi e tukuna ana e mātou ki Tōkyō me Ōsaka te taumata HRC 46–48 me ngā topenga pupuri 60Si2Mn, ā, ko te toharite o tā rātou whakamahinga urutau ā-tau mō ia keri PC350 he 36 ngā urutau — kotahi te whakakapinga i ia 10 hāora mahi — ki te whakataurite ki te 48 ngā urutau ia tau i te HRC 38–42 mai i tētahi pūtake whakataetae.

Urupare a te Kiritaki: Rautaki Taonga Tuku me te Tātari Whakahoki Pūtāhui

He kaiwhakarato Hapanihi kei Yokohama e pupuri ana i te 18 rahi o ngā taputapu whakahāngai niho peere Komatsu mai i tā mātou wheketere. E 350 pea ngā kiritaki o te kahui keri e tukuna ana e rātou ki te rohe o Kanto, tae atu ki ngā keri iti (PC30–PC70) mō te whakahoutanga o ngā whare noho tae atu ki ngā keri whakahoro nui (PC490–PC800) mō te whakahoro whare teitei. Ka tono te kaiwhakarato i roto i ngā puranga hauwhā o te 5,000–8,000 taputapu whakahāngai. I te tau 2024, i ripoatahia e rātou he reiti whakahoki pūtāhui o te 1.2% mō ā mātou taputapu whakahāngai — 96 ngā waeine i roto i te 8,200 i tukuna — ki te whakataurite ki te reiti whakahoki 3.8% a tā rātou kaiwhakarato o mua.

I tātarihia e mātou ngā urutau 96 i whakahokia mai. Ko te wehewehenga: 42 ngā urutau kua tawhito rawa atu i te roa o te wā whai hua i te tere i runga ake i te toharite — i ahu mai i ngā kaihoko i whakamahi i a rātou i roto i te keri toka me te kore he taumata taumaha. E toru tekau mā tahi ngā urutau he pakaru, he piko rānei te poka o te titi — i ahu mai i ngā kaiwhakahaere i te kaha o te peere ki te wero i te toka mai i tētahi awaawa kua herea, ka hangaia he nekehanga piko i te tumuaki titi i neke atu i te kaha piko 180 kN o te urutau PC200. Tekau mā rua ngā urutau i ngaro te niho nā te rahunga o te topenga pupuri — i runga i ngā puranga i tukuna i mua i tā mātou huri ki ngā topenga 60Si2Mn. Tekau mā tahi ngā urutau ehara i tā mātou hua — he urutau whakataetae i whakaurua hētia e te whare putunga o te kaituku ki te puranga whakahoki. Whai muri i te whakatika i ngā whakahokinga ehara i tā mātou hua, ko te reiti whakahoki pūtāhui tūturu he 1.04%. I kī mai te kaiwhakahaere hoko a te kaituku ki ahau: "I mua i whakaritea e mātou he tahua 5% o te utu hoko urutau mō te whakakapinga pūtāhui. Ki tāu hua, kei te 1.2% mātou. He penapena tuturu tēnā mō ngā taonga raina."

Mō te mākete Hapanihi, ka whai te tauira tono urutau paerewa i tētahi tauira ā-wā. Ka piki te tono i te marama o Āperira (te tīmatanga o te tau pūtea, ina hou ngā tahua hanga) me Oketopa (i te tīmatanga o te matapihi whakahoro i te wā maroke). Ko te ture haumaru o te kaituku ko: 3,000 waeine iti rawa mō ngā rahi e ono e tere haere ana (PC78, PC128, PC138, PC200, PC228, PC400), 1,500 waeine mō ngā rahi waenga-rahi, me te 500 waeine mō ngā rahi keri nui rawa atu. E 45 ngā rā e pau ana ki ngā rahi paerewa, ā, 60 ngā rā ki ngā momo mahi taumaha. Mā tēnei ka taea e te kaituku te mahi me ngā hurihanga taonga o te 4.5 ia tau — kei runga ake i te toharite ahumahi o te 3 hurihanga — mā te whakawhirinaki ki te matapae i tā mātou kaupapa whakaputa.

Akoranga Take: Ka Whakaitihia e te Rōpū Whakahoro o Tōkyō ngā Ngaronga Niho mā te 75%

I te tau kotahi, i whakahoroa e tētahi kamupene whakahoro i Tōkyō e whakahaere ana i ngā keri PC350 e waru me ngā keri PC490 e toru, te toharite o te 14 ngā hanganga raima whakapakari i whakahoroa — ngā whare tari, ngā whare waka, me ngā poraka whare noho tae atu ki te whitu ngā papa. I mua i te tau 2024, i tikina e rātou ngā urutau niho peere mai i tētahi kaiwhakarato whānui i Ōsaka. Ko te reiti ngaronga niho o te rōpū waka he 0.14 ngā huihuinga mō ia mīhini mō ia rā whakahaere — ko te tikanga i pāngia te rōpū waka e te ngaronga niho i ia 4.2 rā whakahaere puta noa i ngā mīhini 11. I hiahiatia he tūnga 35–45 meneti mō ia huihuinga (ki te kimi me te tiki mai i te pito niho ngaro, te tirotiro i te urutau, me te tāuta i tētahi whakakapinga), e 3.2 hāora kaimahi ia rā i runga i te rōpū waka e pau ana.

I te marama o Hānuere 2024, i whakapā mai te kaiwhakahaere o te waka ki a mātou i muri i tana rongonga mō ā mātou whakaritenga i tētahi whakaaturanga hokohoko a JCEA. I tukuna e mātou he 500 ngā urutau taumaha (HRC 50 te karaehe me ngā topenga 60Si2Mn) mō te waka PC350 me te 200 mō te waka PC490 — he tiwhikete CMM katoa me te āheinga ki te whai i ngā puranga. I whakaratohia hoki e mātou he whakangungu tāutanga mō ngā rā e rua i te papaanga e kapi ana i: (1) te taipana tika mō te pine pupuri me te topenga — 45 Nm mō te PC350 me te 75 Nm mō te PC490, i inehia ki te kī taipana, kaua ki te "whakaaro"; (2) ngā paearu tirotiro tirohanga mō te kakahu o te urutau — whakakapia ina kua kakahuria te whānui o te pito ihu e 5 mm mai i te rahinga taketake; me (3) te kaupapa whakakapinga topenga — ia 200 hāora mahi ahakoa te āhua tirohanga.

I roto i ngā marama 12 i muri i te whakawhiti, i heke te auau ngaronga niho o te rōpū waka mai i te 0.14 ngā huihuinga mō ia rā mīhini ki te 0.035 ngā huihuinga — he hekenga 75%. I heke te tapeke o ngā tūnga kore i whakaritea mō te ngaronga niho mai i te 511 ngā huihuinga puta noa i te rōpū waka i te tau 2023 ki te 128 ngā huihuinga i te tau 2024. I heke te ngaronga o ngā haora kaimahi mai i te 3.2 hāora ia rā ki te 0.8 hāora ia rā — e $46,000 te utu mahi i ia tau. I kōrero te kaiwhakahaere rōpū waka e rua o ngā PC350 i haere i roto i tētahi kaupapa whakahoro katoa — e whā marama o te 14 hāora ia rā — kāore he niho i ngaro. "Kāore i tupu tēnā me ngā urutau o mua," tana kī i roto i tā mātou waea whai muri.Ngā aratohu hanga a te OSHAMō ngā taura me ngā taputapu taumaha, me whakanui te hiranga o te tiaki tika i ngā taputapu kia mau ki te whenua, ā, ko te whakaiti i te ngaronga ohorere o ngā niho ka whai wāhi tika ki ngā mahi whakahoro haumaru ake mā te whakakore i ngā aukati mīhini kāore i whakamaheretia tata ki ngā mata whakahoro e kaha ana.

Mō ngā kaituku waka Hapanihi me ā rātou kiritaki waka, ko te karere mai i tēnei rangahau take koia tēnei: ​​ko te utu urutau — ¥3,500–¥8,000 ia waeine i runga i te rahi — ehara i te ine e tika ana. Ko te ine e tika ana ko te utu mō ia hāora whakahaere. Ko te urutau PC350 e utu ana he ¥6,000, ā, e 250 hāora te roa i mua i te whakakapinga he ¥24 te utu mō ia hāora. Ko te urutau whakataetae i te ¥4,500, ā, e 150 hāora te roa, he ¥30 te utu mō ia hāora. Ko te urutau kounga teitei ake ka penapena he ¥6 ia hāora — ā, mō te mīhini e mahi ana i te 2,500 hāora ia tau, koia te ¥15,000 mō ia mīhini ia tau. Ina whakareatia e te kaiwhakahaere waka tēnā ki te 350 keri i roto i te turanga kiritaki a te kaituku, ko te kaha penapena ā-tau he ¥5.25 miriona — ā, koia tēnā i mua i te tatau i ngā penapena wā kore mahi mai i te iti o ngā huihuinga ngaronga niho.

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