Ka tohua e ngā Kaiwhakahaere Tiaki Rōpū Keri Keri ngā Wāhanga GET me ngā Tapa Tapahi Whakapakari mō ngā Mahi Pana Bulldozer

Ngā Mea i Akohia e Au mō te Whakatakotoranga GET mō ngā Pūrere Tāwhana i muri i te 10 Tau o te Tuku Wāhanga Kakahu i te Keri

I taku tīmatanga ki te tuku taputapu whakauru whenua (GET) ki ngā mahi keri rua i te tau 2015, ko te hapa tino noa i kite ahau i ngā kaiwhakahaere tiaki waka rua ko te tautuhi i ngā mata tapahi GET i runga i te utu anake - te hoko i te kōwhiringa iti rawa e pai ana ki ā rātou taputapu me te kore e whakaaro ki te kaha o te rauemi rua, ngā hāora mahi ia rā, te utu katoa rānei o te paunga GET i roto i te roanga o te ora o ngā taputapu. Ko te mutunga mai he pakaru wawe (ina whakamahia te maitai iti-te-kounga i roto i ngā āhuatanga pakaru nui) he utu nui rawa rānei (ina whakamahia ngā pito tungsten carbide kounga teitei i roto i ngā āhuatanga pakaru iti-te-kounga i te wā e rawaka ana te maitai paerewa kua tukatukahia).

I roto i ngā tau 10 kua pahure ake nei, kua tukuna e au ngā hua GET ki ngā mahi keri kohatu puta noa i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, te Waenganui Rawhiti, me Āhia Waenganui, mai i ngā keri kohatu iti e whakahaerehia ana e te whānau e whakaputa ana i te 50,000 tāne ia tau ki ngā mahi keri kohatu nui e whakaputa ana i te 2 miriona tāne ia tau. Kua whakahaerehia e au ngā rangahau reiti kakahu, kua tātarihia te utu katoa o te kai GET mō ia tāne o ngā rauemi i nekehia, ā, kua mahi tahi me ngā tīma tiaki ki te arotau i ngā wā whakawhiti GET me ngā mahi whakahaere. Ko taku i ako ai ko te whakatakotoranga GET he whakatau hangarau e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, ehara i te whakatau hoko, ā, mā te whakatakotoranga tika ka taea te whakaiti i te utu katoa o GET mā te 30-50% ki te whakataurite ki te whakatakotoranga noa i runga i te utu tuatahi iti rawa.

Te Mārama ki te Hangarau GET: Ngā Pūnaha Rino-Kotahi me ngā Pūnaha Rino-Whakarewa

E rua ngā whirihoranga pūnaha matua mō ngā taputapu whakauru whenua mō ngā puruta i roto i te rua keri: te maitai kotahi (ko te urutau me te mata tapahi he wāhanga kotahi te whakarewa, he wāhanga hanga rānei) me te mata whakarewa (ko te mata whakarewa motuhake, ko te mea rānei ka whakarewahia, ka maukatihia rānei ki runga i te urutau maitai). He pānga nui te kōwhiringa i waenga i ēnei pūnaha ki te utu whakahaere, ki te mahi tiaki, me te mōrearea o ngā taputapu.

Ngā Pūnaha GET Kotahi-Rino

Ko ngā pūnaha GET maitai-kotahi te hoahoa tuku iho mō ngā mata tapahi o te bulldozer, ā, koinei tonu te paerewa i roto i te maha o ngā mahi keri kohatu. Ko te wāhanga katoa — mai i te tikanga raka e hono ana i te kakau o te mata o te dozer ki te mata tapahi e pa ana ki te rauemi keri kohatu — he wahi kotahi o te maitai koranu kua whakamahanatia. Ina pakaru, ina tawhito rānei te mata tapahi, ka tangohia te wāhanga katoa ka whakakapia ki tētahi mea hou.

Ko ngā painga o ngā pūnaha maitai-kotahi ko te māmā noa iho (kāore he whakarewa hei tiaki, kāore he taputapu pupuri pito hei tirotiro, ā, kāore he mōrearea o te ngaronga o te pito i te wā e whakamahia ana) me te pono (ko te GET maitai-kotahi kua tāuta tikahia e kore e pakaru i te ara e kino ai te mata). Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te utu: ina pakaru te mata tapahi i muri i te 200-600 hāora o te mahi, me whakakapi te wāhanga katoa - tae atu ki te wāhanga urutau kāore i pakaru. Mō ngā rauemi keri nui-te-pakurakura e tere ai te pakaru o te mata tapahi, ko te tikanga me whakakapi he urutau 70-80% kāore anō kia pakaru i ia 200-400 hāora, he maumau ōhanga tēnei.

Ngā Pūnaha GET Whakarewa-Tippet

Ka aro atu ngā pūnaha GET whakarewa-pito ki te koretake o te ōhanga o ngā pūnaha maitai-kotahi mā te wehewehe i te wāhanga pakaru (te pito) mai i te wāhanga hanganga (te urutau). Ina pakaru te pito, ko te pito anake ka whakakapia — ka noho tonu te urutau ki te mata o te dozer, ā, ka whakarewahia he pito hou, ka maukati rānei mā te mīhini. Mō ngā mahi keri nui, ka taea e tēnei te whakaiti i te utu whakahaere GET mā te 30-40% nā te mea ka whakahekehia te utu urutau mō ngā whakakapinga pito maha.

Heoi, ka puta mai ngā mōrearea i roto i ngā pūnaha whakarewa-whakarewa kāore i roto i ngā pūnaha maitai-kotahi. Ko te whakarewa i waenganui i te pito me te urutau he hononga hanganga nui e pāngia ana e ngā ahotea huringa teitei mai i te 冲击 me te karawarawa o ngā rauemi keri. Mena kāore te whakarewa i hangaia kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga keri (ko te AWS D14.1 te tikanga, he rite rānei), ki te kore rānei te whakarewa e tirotirohia i ia wā mō ngā kapiti me te ngenge, ka pakaru pea te pito i te pakaru o te whakarewa i te wā e mahi ana, ka huri hei pere tere-teitei i roto i te keri, ka kino rānei te mata o te dozer e 5-10x te utu o te whakatikatika wāhanga GET. I roto i aku wheako, ko te mōrearea o te pakaru o te whakarewa te take matua e pai ake ai ētahi kaiwhakahaere keri ki ngā pūnaha maitai-kotahi - ka whakaae rātou ki te utu nui ake mō ia whakawhiti hei utu mō te whakakore i te mōrearea o te pakaru o te whakarewa.

Ko te tuatoru o ngā kōwhiringa e karo ana i te koretake o te utu o te maitai kotahi me te mōrearea o te whakarewanga o te whakarewanga ko te pūnaha pito raka-ā-ringa, e puritia ana te pito i roto i te urutau e te pūnaha pupuri ā-ringa (he pine raka, he SetRing, he pūnaha poro rānei) kaua mā te whakarewanga. Ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā pito raka-ā-ringa i roto i te 5-10 meneti (ka whakaritea ki te 30-60 meneti mō te pito whakarewa), ā, ka whakakorea katoatia te mōrearea o te rahunga whakarewa, engari me tirotirohia me te tiaki tonu te pūnaha raka kia kore ai e ngaro ngā pito i te wā e whakahaerehia ana. Kei te piki haere taku taunaki i ngā pūnaha raka-ā-ringa mō ngā mahi keri kohatu kei reira te kounga tiaki he rerekē, ā, he kino hoki ngā hua o te ngaronga o te pito.

Te Kōwhiringa o te Taumata Rauemi i runga i te Kaha Whakakorikori Rauemi o te Tāhae

Ko te kaha whakakoi o te rauemi keri te mea matua i roto i te kōwhiringa o te taumata rauemi GET, ā, ko te whakataurite i te taumata rauemi ki te kaha whakakoi te whakatau kotahi tino nui i roto i te whakatakotoranga GET. Ka inehia te kaha whakakoi o ngā rauemi keri mā roto i ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga paerewa: ka ine te whakamātautau whakakoi o Los Angeles (LA75) i te ngaronga papatipu o tētahi tauira maitai paerewa i muri i te 500 hurihanga me te rauemi keri; ka ine te taupū whakakoi Cerchar (CAI) i te pakeke o te rakuraku o te rauemi keri i runga i te pene maitai. Ka whakaratohia e ngā whakamātautau e rua ngā raraunga whai hua, ā, ko te LA75 taku tikanga e whakamahi ana hei tawhā whakatakotoranga matua nā te mea he pai ake te hononga ki te roa o te mau o GET i roto i taku wheako mara.

Ngā Rauemi iti-te-whakapakari (Kohatu Tāima, Māpere, Kaima)

Ko ngā keri kōhatu, māpere, me te gypsum he uara LA75 kei roto i te awhe 20-30 (ko te tikanga ka puta he mate papatipu 20-30% i roto i te whakamātautau LA75) me ngā taupū Cerchar o te 0.5-1.5. He ngohengohe ēnei rauemi, ā, ka puta he kakahu whakakoi ngawari ki ngā taha tapahi GET. Mō ēnei tono, ka tohua e au ngā taha tapahi maitai iti-koranu kua tukatukahia ki te wera me te pakeke Brinell o te 400-500 HB, e whakarato ana i te roa o te kakahu (300-600 hāora mahi mō ia huinga matamata mō ngā puru 320HP) i te utu iti rawa e tika ana. Ko ngā matamata tungsten carbide, chrome carbide rānei kāore i te whai hua i roto i ngā rauemi iti-koi nā te mea kāore te whakapainga o te roa o te kakahu e whakamana i te utu wāhanga 3-5x teitei ake.

Ngā Rauemi Āhua-Waenga (Kōhatu Oneone, Kirikiri, Kohatu Rino)

Ko te kōhatu kirikiri, ētahi hanganga kirikiri, me ngā putunga rino iti iho te kounga he uara LA75 kei roto i te awhe 40-60 me ngā tohu Cerchar o te 2.0-3.5. Ka nui te pakaru o ēnei rauemi, ka tere te pakaru o te maitai wera-whakamahana paerewa. Mō ēnei tono, ka tohua e au te maitai koranu-waenga kua wera-whakamahanahia me te tāpiri chromium (te tikanga 2-4% chromium) hei whakanui ake i te pakeke me te ātete pakaru, me te pakeke Brinell o te 500-600 HB. Ka whakanuia e te tāpiri chromium te utu mā te 15-25% ki te whakaritea ki te maitai wera-whakamahana paerewa engari ka roa ake te roa o te pakaru mā te 50-100%, ka iti ake te utu mō ngā tono pakaru-waenga. Waihoki, ka tohua e au te pereti whakakikorua chrome carbide ki te mata tapahi mō te otinga tino iti te utu i roto i ngā rauemi pakaru-waenga - ka whakaratohia e te whakakikorua te pakeke o te mata o te 600-700 HB i te mea ka mau tonu te papa hei maitai koranu pakari.

Ngā Rauemi Tino-Paku (Kānite, Pātara, Kuatati)

Ko te karāneti, te pārāte, te quartzite, me ētahi hanganga rino mārō he uara LA75 kei roto i te awhe 70-100 me ngā tohu Cerchar o te 4.0-6.0. Ko ēnei rauemi kei roto i ngā rauemi taiao tino whakakoi e kitea ana i roto i te keri kohatu, ā, ka taea e te maitai GET paerewa kua tukatukahia te wera te pakaru i roto i te 50-100 hāora mahi i raro i ēnei āhuatanga. Mō ngā tono whakakoi teitei, ka tohua e au ngā pito hiato tungsten carbide (me te pakeke o te papatipu o te 1,500-1,800 HB) me ngā pereti koranu ātete-koi motuhake me te pakeke tino teitei (650-700 HB mata). Ko te utu o ēnei rauemi kounga teitei he 3-10x te utu o te maitai paerewa kua tukatukahia te wera, engari ko te roa o te ora o te kakahu (1,000-4,000 hāora mahi i runga i te momo rauemi me te kaha o te whakakoi o te rauemi keri kohatu) ka waiho hei kōwhiringa tino whai hua ina whakaarohia te utu katoa o te wā whakamutu, te mahi, me te ngaronga hua.

Te Utu Tuturu o te Whakamahinga GET i roto i ngā Mahi Keri

He nui ake te utu mō te kakahu GET i roto i ngā mahi keri kohatu i tā te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere keri kohatu e mōhio ana, nā te mea he wāhanga iti noa iho te utu wāhanga tika o te utu katoa. I roto i aku wheako ki te tātari i ngā raraunga utu GET mai i ngā mahi keri kohatu puta noa i ngā whenua maha, ko te utu katoa o te kakahu GET ka wehea penei: 20-30% te utu tika o ngā wāhanga GET (ngā pito, ngā urutau, ngā taha tapahi); 30-40% te utu mō te mahi wā kore mahi mō ngā huringa GET me te tiaki i te mata; ā, 40-50% te utu mō te ngaronga hua me te kino tuarua ki te hanganga mata o te dozer i puta mai i te kakahu GET i tua atu i te wā huringa kua tūtohutia.

Te Pānga Hua o te Mau GET

Ina hipa te wā e memeha ai ngā tapa tapahi GET i te pūwāhi whakawhiti kua tūtohutia, ka tino heke te whai huatanga o te pana a te tārai. Ka taea e te tārai me te GET e tiakina pai ana te pana i te 15-25% atu rauemi ia hāora i te mīhini kotahi me te GET kua memeha e mahi ana i roto i ngā āhuatanga ōrite. Kāore i te kitea tonutia tēnei ngaronga hua nā te mea ka piki haere i te memeha haere o te GET, engari i roto i te rā whakaputa katoa, ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te GET e tiakina pai ana me te GET kua memeha ka taea te tohu i te whakahekenga 10-20% o ngā rauemi e nekehia ana i ia rā - ko te utu o te kuaha o te rua kohatu o te USD 10-30 ia tana e tohu ana i te USD 1,000-5,000 ia rā i roto i te moni whiwhi ngaro mō te mahi rua kohatu rahi-waenga.

Ko te kino tuarua i puta mai i te GET kua tawhito pea te wāhanga utu tino iti rawa te whakaaro. Ina pakaru te mata tapahi ki te wāhi kāore e koi te mata tapahi, ka tīmata te mata o te tārai ki te piki ake ki runga i te rauemi, kaua ki te tapahi ma. Mā tēnei ka pā te mata ki te mata o te whenua, ka waruhia hoki e ngā pereti parirau ki ngā rauemi kāore anō kia tapahia, ka tere ake te pakaru o ngā pereti o raro o te mata, ngā pereti parirau, me ngā hononga ringa pana. Kua kite ahau i ngā whakatikatika hanganga mata o te tārai e $8,000-25,000 te utu — e rima ki te tekau ngā wā o te utu GET ā-tau — i puta mai i te whakamahi me te GET kua tawhito i tua atu i te wā whakawhiti kua tūtohutia.

Whakamahere Wā Huringa GET mō ngā Mahi o te Rōpū Tārai Keri

Ko te wā whakarerekētanga GET mō ngā purutatara keri kohatu me hangai ki te kakahu kua inehia, kaua ki te wātaka pumau, nā te mea he rerekē te kaha o te whakakoi rauemi keri kohatu i waenga i ngā rohe keri kohatu, i waenga i ngā paepae, me waenga i ngā wā. Heoi, ko te nuinga o ngā mahi keri kohatu me whai wāhi tīmatanga mō ā rātou whakamahere tiaki, ā, ka tukuna atu e au ngā aratohu e whai ake nei i runga i te momo rauemi keri kohatu me te akomanga rahi o te purutatara, me te taunakitanga kia whakarerekēhia e ngā kaiwhakahaere ngā wā i runga i ngā inenga o te mara.

Kawa Tirotiro

Ka tūtohu ahau kia tirohia te GET ā-kanohi i ia whakawhiti mahi — ia 8, 12 rānei hāora mahi — ā, e 5 meneti pea te roa o te tirotiro a te kaiwhakahaere whakangungu, a te tohunga tiaki rānei. Me tirotiro e te tirotiro: te pakaru o te ihu pito (inehia te roa o te ihu e toe ana mai i te ihu pito ki te pakihiwi urutau — whakakapia mēnā kei roto i te 10mm o te pakihiwi urutau); ngā pakaru e kitea ana (tirohia ngā pakaru e rere ana mai i te ihu pito ki te atanga urutau — me whakakapi tonu te pito mēnā he pakaru neke atu i te 5mm te roa); te pupuri o te pito (mō ngā pūnaha raka-ā-ringa me ngā pūnaha raka-whakarewa, me manatoko kei te mau tonu ngā pito, ā, kei te ora tonu te tikanga pupuri); me te āhua o te urutau (tirohia mēnā he piko, he tawhito rānei ngā mata raka urutau e kore ai e tika te nohoanga o te pito).

Ngā Wā Huringa Kua Whakaritea

Mō te whakamahere tiaki tuatahi, ka tūtohu ahau i ngā wā whakawhiti GET e whai ake nei hei tīmatanga, ka whakatikatikaina i runga i ngā raraunga tirotiro tuturu: mō ngā purutatara akomanga 320HP (he mea noa mō ngā keri kōhatu waenga-tauine) i roto i te kōhatu kōhatu (LA75 20-30): whakakapia ngā pito i te 300-500 hāora mahi; i roto i te kōhatu onepū (LA75 40-60): whakakapia ngā pito i te 200-400 hāora mahi; i roto i te karāhe/pātara (LA75 70-100): whakakapia ngā pito i te 100-200 hāora mahi ki ngā pito tungsten carbide. Mō ngā purutatara akomanga 520HP (he mea noa mō ngā keri kōhatu nui): tauinehia ngā wā i runga ake nei mā te tauwehe tata ki te 0.8, nā te mea he nui ake te utu GET mō ia hāora mahi mō ngā taputapu nui ake nā te nui o ngā pito e whai wāhi ana.

Mō ngā paerewa mō ngā wāhanga kākahu o ngā taputapu keri, tirohia teISO 10414ngā paerewa taputapu keri toka me ngāSAE Internationalngā aratohu whakatakotoranga mō ngā wāhanga kākahu mō ngā taputapu neke oneone.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā pūnaha GET maitai-kotahi me ngā pūnaha GET whakarewa-tītaha mō ngā purutatara keri kohatu?

Ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha GET maitai-kotahi ngā wāhanga whakarewa kotahi-wahi, ā, he wāhanga kotahi te urutau me te mata tapahi — ina tawhito te mata tapahi, ka whakakapia te wāhanga katoa, tae atu ki te urutau kāore anō kia mau. Ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha mata whakarewa-whakarewa he mata whakarewa motuhake ka whakarewahia, ka maukatihia rānei ki runga i te urutau maitai — ko te mata kua tawhito anake ka whakakapia ina tawhito, ka whakaitihia te utu whakahaere mā te 30-40%. Ka tukuna e te maitai-kotahi te māmā me te kore mōrearea ngaronga o te mata; ka whakaitihia te utu e te mata whakarewa-whakarewa engari ka puta te mōrearea rahunga whakarewa. Ka tukuna e ngā pūnaha mata maukati-mīhini tētahi kōwhiringa tuatoru — te whakakapinga mata me te kore he whakarewa, me te kore he mōrearea rahunga whakarewa.

He aha te pānga o te kounga rauemi ki te roa o te mau o ngā mata tapahi GET i roto i ngā mahi keri kohatu?

Ko te kounga o ngā rauemi te mea matua e whakatau ana i te roa o te mau o te GET. Ka mau te maitai waro paerewa (300-400 HB) i roto i te 100-200 hāora i roto i te kōhatu kōhatu i roto i te rua kōhatu. Ka roa ake te mau o te maitai koranu iti-whakamahanatia (450-550 HB) ki te 300-500 hāora. Ka roa ake te mau o te 600-1,000 hāora e te whakakikoruatanga Chrome carbide (600-700 HB). Ka taea e ngā pito hiato Tungsten carbide (1,500-1,800 HB) te roa ake o te mau o te mau ki te 2,000-4,000 hāora i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino kino o te whakakoi. Me ōrite te kounga tika ki te taupū whakakoi LA75, Cerchar rānei o te rauemi rua kōhatu — ka moumou moni te whakamahi i te rauemi kounga teitei i roto i te rauemi iti-whakakoi, ko te whakamahi i te maitai paerewa i roto i te rauemi nui-whakakoi ka nui te mau me te kino tuarua.

He aha te utu tuturu o te kakahu GET i roto i ngā mahi keri rua?

Ko te utu katoa mō te kakahu GET ko: (1) Te utu tika mō te wāhanga GET — 20-30% o te katoa; (2) Te utu mahi whakakapinga — 30-40% o te katoa (2-4 hāora te wā kore mahi mō ia huringa); (3) Te ngaronga hua mai i te kakahu GET e whakaiti ana i te whai huatanga pana mā te 15-25% — 20-30% o te katoa; (4) Te kino tuarua ki ngā pereti parirau mata, ngā ringa pana, me ngā pereti kakahu o raro — 20-30% o te katoa. Ka taea e te utu katoa te eke ki te USD 3-8 mō ia hāora whakahaere i roto i ngā āhuatanga kino o te rua keri. Ko te utu mō ngā whakatikatika hanganga mata i puta mai i te whakahaere me te kakahu GET kua hipa i te wā huringa kua tūtohutia ka eke ki te USD 8,000-25,000 mō ia huihuinga — 5-10x te utu GET ā-tau.

He pēhea te pānga o te kaha whakakoi o ngā rauemi keri kohatu noa ki te kōwhiringa GET?

He rerekē te kaha o te whakakoi i ngā rauemi keri: ko te kōhatu ngohengohe (LA75 20-30, Cerchar 0.5-1.0) e whakamahi ana i te maitai wera-whakamahana 450-500 HB me te roa o te mau 300-600 hāora. Ko te kirikiri me te kirikiri onepū me te kirikiri ngawari (LA75 40-60, Cerchar 2.0-3.0) e hiahia ana ki te whakakikorua chrome carbide 550-650 HB me te roa o te mau 300-500 hāora. Ko te granite me te basalt kaha-whakakoi (LA75 70-100, Cerchar 4.0-6.0) e hiahia ana ki ngā pito tungsten carbide, ki ngā koranu tino pakeke rānei (650-700 HB) me te roa o te mau 400-2,000 hāora i runga i te kounga. Whakamātauria, tikina rānei ngā raraunga LA75/Cerchar mō tō rauemi keri motuhake i mua i te tohu i te kounga rauemi GET.

He aha te wā whakarerekētanga GET e tika ana kia whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere waka keri mō ngā bulldozer?

Ko ngā wā whakawhiti turanga i runga i te kakahu inehia, ehara i te wā maramataka. Mō ngā puruta karaehe 320HP i roto i te kōhatu kōhatu: 300-500 hāora whakahaere mō ia huinga pito. I roto i te kirikiri: 200-400 hāora whakahaere. I roto i te karāhe/pātara: 100-200 hāora whakahaere me ngā pito tungsten carbide. Mō ngā puruta karaehe 520HP, whakaitihia ngā wā mā te 20%. Tirohia i ia whakawhiti nekehanga (ia 8-12 hāora) ā, whakakapia ina pakaru te ihu pito ki roto i te 10mm o te pakihiwi urutau, ina neke atu i te 5mm te pakaru e kitea ana mai i te ihu ki te urutau, ina neke atu rānei i te 15% o te taketake te ngaronga taumaha. Mā te mahi i tua atu i ēnei paepae ka nui ake te mōrearea o te kino tuarua.